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Two government budget practices that can have significant implications for lower levels of government are block grants and unfunded mandates.

U.S. House members and state representatives are elected by district.

Federal and state governments have tried to change budget rules to control government spending. Budget rules have also been used to impose fiscal discipline.

Policymakers can take action to stimulate the economy.

One indicator of smart fiscal practices is maintaining balance between spending and revenues. Occasionally deficits may be necessary.

Under the U.S. Constitution, people are entitled to compensation when a government takes their property. This is known as a taking.

Political advocacy is a cornerstone of democracy. This includes the ability to lobby public officials.

Civic engagement can take many forms: individual volunteerism, organizational development and leadership, public service, and electoral participation.

Democracies require openness and honesty in government. This means government policymaking and institutions function in public view.

The right to vote is a fundamental human right. Free and fair elections are essential to democracy.