Chapter 6 Introduction

The poverty rate for Americans age 65 and older has declined sharply since 1959 when one-third of older adults lived in poverty. Still, a large number of older people are poor. In 2023, about 5.8 million people age 65 and older—9.7 percent—had an annual income below the Census Bureau’s poverty threshold. Among those in this age group, women, racial and ethnic groups that are discriminated against, and people living alone are more likely than others to live in poverty.

When older adults struggle to meet their basic needs, they are at greater risk of being affected by preventable or treatable health conditions, such as diabetes, congestive heart failure, heart attack, and depression. Senior poverty is also associated with social isolation. Research indicates that social isolation and loneliness may cause dramatic decreases in physical health, mental well-being, and overall quality of life.

This chapter outlines key components of low-income assistance, including income and nutrition assistance programs, as well as access to basic necessities and social supports.